Conference: Symposium “Hörvermögen von Pinguinen / Hearing in Penguins”, 153. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Ornithologen-Gesellschaft, 19. und 20. September 2020. Full presentation DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33907.14883
Computing α-diversity
Diversity indices are a common descriptive statistic used in biodiversity informatics. Diversity indices typically express the species richness of a given habitat or area. The α-diversity index is suitable when studying a single habitat and is expressed by a single number. There are several commonly used equations used to compute α-diversity. In this example, I will be using the Simpson’s diversity index, which is computed by the formula:
![\[D = 1 - \sum_{i=1}^{S}p_i^2\]](http://biodiv.smultron.org/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-55f32c820d77a3a7dc38c88992946e12_l3.png "Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com")
Where S is the number of species in the sample and p is the proportion of a particular species. The Simpson’s diversity index is thus more influenced by common species rather than by rare species and is often considered to be an index reflecting the actual species diversity in a sample.
To illustrate this, I will use will use data obtained from GBIF. Remember, α-diversity is suitable for expressing the diversity within a single habitat, so I will obtain data accordingly. Here I chose the Tiergarten, a large (210 hectare) park in central Berlin.
Continue reading “Computing α-diversity”Ecological datasets in Python
Datasets included in library distributions are very practical for explaining concepts and for tutorials, as of course no extra download is required. A while ago, I posted a list of biodiversity datasets that come with R-core. Here I continue along the same line and list datasets coming with popular Python libraries.
Continue reading “Ecological datasets in Python”Comparing the distribution of Corvus corone and Corvus cornix
In this post, I will use a divergent color scale to plot two distributions on the same map. As an example, I chose to plot the European distribution of two species of corvids: the carrion crow (Corvus corone) and the hooded crow (Corvus cornix). There has been some adjustments to the taxonomical status of the hooded crow (see Parkin et al., 2003 for details), hoewever, currently, they are regarded as different species.
In this map, I will use a divergent color scale to show areas in Europe where each species is dominant, and also show areas where both species are present.
Simple distribution maps using ggplot
In a previous post, I discussed how to plot GBIF occurrence data using OpenStreetMaps. Here, I will plot a distribution map. Distribution maps differ from occurrence maps in that occurrences are aggregated and plotted as a heat map. Additionally, the map has to be projected using an equal area projection.
I will illustrate these two features by plotting the distribution of the tawny owl (Strix aluco) in Europe.
Getting occurrence data from GBIF
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is a data aggregator for biodiversity data. The big advantage of using an aggregator like GBIF over getting data directly from the original data source is that an aggregator provides a single point of entry to many data sets, so analysing one data set is technically interoperable with any other data set.
Continue reading “Getting occurrence data from GBIF”Spectrograms
Spectrograms are a common visualization of sound data. Visualizing sound data can be useful when doing a presentation or for publication. Additionally, machine learning algorithms for classifying sound data generally use spectrograms as their starting point, instead of the sound data itself, as many advanced algorithnms for classifying images are readily available. The example uses the R packages warbleR (Araya-Salas & Smith-Vidaurre, 2017), seewave (Sueur, Aubin, Simonis, 2008) and tuneR (Ligges et al., 2018).
This example draws the spectrogram of the call of a tawny owl (Strix aluco).
Ecological data sets in R-core
If you are using R, then you are probably familiar with the mtcars data set, that is used in many R tutorials. The “car analogy” is so common in text books, that this so-called technique has its own Wikipedia page. For the rest of us, who don’t understand anything about motor cars, R-core comes with a wide selection of example data sets, some of which relate to ecology or biodiversity.
Continue reading “Ecological data sets in R-core”